Task no: 1 What is The Foundational Element of Construct Explication and Why it

is Needed?

1.   Apply first step of construct explication.

Theory: Big Five Personality Theory

Openness:

Openness is one of the Big Five personality traits and involves being creative, curious, and interested in new experiences. People who are high in this trait tend to be more adventurous and creative. People low in this trait are often much more traditional and may struggle with abstract thinking.

Extraversion:

Extroversion is characterized by sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness, and excitability. People who are high in extraversion are outgoing and tend to gain energy in social situations. Being around other people helps them feel energized and excited. People who are low in extraversion (or introverted) tend to be more reserved and have less energy to expend in social settings.

Agreeableness:

It is a personality trait manifesting itself in individual behavioral characteristics that are perceived as kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm, and considerate. People who are high in agreeableness tend to be more cooperative while those low in this trait tend to be more competitive and sometimes even manipulative.

Neuroticism:

A broad personality trait dimension representing the degree to which a person experiences the world as distressing, threatening, and unsafe. Neuroticism is a trait characterized by sadness, moodiness, and emotional instability. Individuals who are high in this trait tend to experience mood swings, anxiety, irritability, and sadness. Those low in this trait tend to be more stable and emotionally resilient.

2.  Answer the following question.

1_What is the result if a construct is well defined and grounded in a theory, but tool used to measure the attribute or attitude is not well defined or aligned to the construct? Think of what you need to find during the first step to complete step 2 and 3. If  the  construct  is  well  defined  there  must  be  need  of  a  measuring  tool  that  can  measure  a construct, attitude or attribute accurately. If the tool is not best or well defined and aligned to construct it lacks in its validity and measuring tool is said to be not valid as it does not measure what it intent to measure

2_What additional information beyond defining the construct you need to gather in step 1 of construct explication process to help you with step 2 and 3. I need conceptual knowledge of psychological testing along with that I need complete study and understanding of psychological theories to find out a psychological theory with 4 or more than 4 constructs.

 Exercise 11.1 How Do you Interpret the Data Collected from a Quantitative Item Analysis

1-identify what test item should be kept.

(Selected items are highlighted in yellow color)

Item number	Average Inter item correlation	Difficulty	Discrimination index	Rationale
1	.40	.90	10	_
2	.38	.50	60	Item difficulty level is .5 range in between .3 to .7
3	.05	.50	19	Item difficulty level is .5 range in between .3 to .7
4	.30	.48	-2	_
5	.50	.50	50	Item difficulty level is .5 range in between .3 to .7
6	.01	.98	0	_
7	.60	.60	48	Item difficulty level is .5 range in between .3 to .7
8	.00	.10	10	_
9	.55	.49	40	Item difficulty level is .5 range in between .3 to .7
10	.30	.61	-5	Item difficulty level is .5 range in between .3 to .7
11	.44	.51	80	Item difficulty level is .5 range in between .3 to .7
12	-.10	.66	7	Item difficulty level is .5 range in between .3 to .7
13	.40	.55	75	Item difficulty level is .5 range in between .3 to .7
14	.77	.43	-10	_
15	.71	.71	60	_
16	.33	.56	40	Item difficulty level is .5 range in between .3 to .7
17	.00	.2	15	_
18	.22	.35	60	_
19	.55	.43	70	_
20	.04	.40	18	_

 

2- Calculate difficulty and discrimination index.

 

STUDENT	Item 1	Item 2	Item 3	Item 4	Item 5	Item 6	Item 7	Item 8	Item 9	Item 10	SCORE
1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	7
2	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	3
3	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	5
4	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	2
5	1	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	7
6	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	10
7	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	1	6
8	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	9
9	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	9
10	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	6
11	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
12	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	9
13	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	10
14	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	1	1	7
15	1	1	1	1	0	1	0	1	1	1	8
16	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	2
17	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
18	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	6
P  (Item difficulty)	.44	.61	.5	.83	.33	.55	.66	.72	.5	.77
D  (Item discriminatory)	-.5	-.38	-.5	-.16	-.66	-.44	-.33	-.27	-.5	-.22

 

Exercise 11.2 Identify the correct Statistical Analysis

 

1- Choosing the right statistic.

 

Research question	Appropriate statistical analysis
Does this item measure the same constructs as other items do?	Item Validity Index
Is this item easier than for women ?	Item Characteristic Curve
Does this item provide information that helps predict a criterion	Item Validity Index
How difficult is this item?	Item Difficulty Index
If I drop this item from the test, will it increase or decrease internal reliability?	Item Reliability Index
How did the people who did well on this test do on this item?	Item Discriminatory Index
Is this item of sufficient difficulty and does it discriminate between high and low performers on the test?	Item Discriminatory Index
Is this biased on the minority group?	Item Characteristic Curve
How well does the answer on this item correlate the	Item Reliability Index
Individual’s overall test score?	Item Analysis

 

Exercise 11.6 Reflect on your Learning

 

1- Identify your ‘’Aha’’ moments from chapter 11.

Insight and realizations:

➔   I have learned the test construction and development of psychological tests.

➔   In this chapter I discover the concepts and implementations of statistical analysis in psychological testing.

➔   I have also learned the process of testing the items.

 

2- identify some muddy moments and discussion based Questions.

These are some muddy moments and questions that arrive in my mind during learning the chapter 11:

➔   What are the specific requirements of revising a test and why is there a need to revise a test?

➔   How to select a scaling method for the development of a Psychological test?

How to develop a test manual and what steps involved in preparing the manual of a test.